The Oldest Country in the World Is One of These Nations

There are many countries with impressively long histories, but to determine which country is the oldest, one must first differentiate between countries and empires. Not doing so could produce incorrect and contradictory answers. Empire Vs. Country Empires are defined as political units whose rule covers wide expanses and encompasses several territories. Countries are defined as sovereign states with their own territory, population, and government. One of the key differences between empires and countries is that empires have less clearly defined territory geographically than countries and countries are independent and separate from other entities. Empires are more like groups of countries that share a government. Empires Empires existed in ancient China, Japan, Iran (Persia), Greece, Rome, Egypt, Korea, Mexico, and India, but were not, of course, as we know these nations today. Their starting dates do not correlate with their modern namesakes. These empires had central governments ruling over their vast territories. The makeup of ancient empires largely consisted of agglomerations of city-states or fiefdoms whose jurisdictions overlapped that of the imperial government. Much of an empires territory was temporary (with fluid boundaries) and often won through war or marriage alliances of monarchs. Because of this, many city-states did not function as unified entities, even if they came to be considered part of the same empire. Countries Empires were far from the modern nation-state or sovereign country, which emerged in the 19th century, and the two entities did not coexist for long. In fact, many times an empires downfall became a nation-states beginning. Often, todays nation-states arose from the dissolution of empires and were formed around communities that shared common geography, language, and culture. Ultimately, it is not possible to definitively say what country is the oldest, but the following three are most often cited as the worlds oldest countries. San Marino By many accounts, the Republic of San Marino, one of the worlds smallest countries, is also the worlds oldest country. The tiny country that is completely landlocked by Italy was founded on September 3rd in the year 301 BCE. A monastery at the top of Mount Titano, likely the center of the community, was constructed in sixth century BCE. However, the nation wasnt recognized as independent until CE 1631 by the pope, who controlled much of central Italy politically at the time. San Marinos continued independence was made possible by its isolated position amid fortresses in high, mountainous terrain. San Marinos constitution, written in the year 1600, is the worlds oldest. Japan Japans history as both an empire and a country can be confusing. According to Japanese history, the colonial empires first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, founded the country of Japan in 660 BCE. However, it was not until at least eighth-century CE that Japanese culture and Buddhism spread across the islands. Over its long history, Japan has seen many different types of governments and leaders. While the country celebrates 660 BCE as the year of its founding, it wasnt until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 that modern Japan emerged. China The first recorded dynasty in Chinese history existed over 3,500 years ago when the feudal Shang dynasty ruled from 17th to 11th century BCE. However, the modern country of China celebrates 221 BCE as the date of its founding, the year Qin Shi Huang proclaimed himself the first emperor of China. But China went through many more changes and dynasties to become the country it is today. In third-century CE, the Han dynasty unified Chinese culture and tradition. In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded China and decimated its population and culture. Chinas Qing dynasty was overthrown during a revolution in 1912, spurring the creation of the Republic of China. Finally, in 1949 the Republic of China itself was overthrown by Mao Tse Tungs communist rebels and the Peoples Republic of China was created. This is China as the world now knows it. More Old Countries Modern countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Greece, and India bear so little resemblance to their ancient counterparts that their founding is technically considered recent. Many of these countries trace their modern roots only as far back as the 19th century and that is why their names do not appear in lists of very old countries. However, some modern countries have remained more unchanged and can trace their roots much further back. See this list for other old countries and their dates of origin. France (CE 843)Austria (CE 976)Hungary (CE 1001)Portugal (CE 1143)Mongolia (CE 1206)Thailand (CE 1238)Andorra (CE 1278)Switzerland (CE 1291)Iran (CE 1501)

Should Abortion Be Legal - 1909 Words

The Right to Choose Life is a journey. It starts in the womb. You start growing, getting facial features, fingers, toes, your heart is beating so fast. We all start so small, yet still are so significant, and at some point someone makes a decision for us. Abortion of adoption? How does one decide on whether to keep the baby or not? There are many pros and cons to each choice, but individuals get to weigh them out and make the decision for themselves. This topic has come up many times in my life due to the fact that many of my friends have had to make this decision in their life. It is saddening to have to go through this with them because we are so young, but it has gotten me to thinking of what I would do if I were in their†¦show more content†¦Also, if a minor wants to get an abortion, they must have parental consent before going through with it. In many other states that is not a requirement, which is why abortion rates are much higher in other places. Over the past 20 ye ars abortion rate has gone down in Idaho from 7.5% to 5.4%. This means that 75 out of 1,000 women got abortions in 1991 and in 2011 only 54 out of 1,000 women got abortions (State Facts About Abortion: Idaho†). According to Intercountry Adoption, there were 1,212 abortions from 1999-2013 (Statistics†). Kim Murphy wrote an article about Idaho banning abortions after 20 weeks. Just recently Idaho made a law that after 20 weeks of pregnancy, abortions are not allowed because at that point the fetus can feel pain. This law was put in place to protect the fetus and not the mother at this point (Murphy). I found in another article written by George Prentice, that a single mom in Eastern Idaho preformed a self-abortion because she was past 20 weeks. The mother was living off of child support. She purchased a drug that is supposed to abort the baby that is not past 9 weeks. When the police showed up they found her fetus on the back porch, which looked to be past 20 weeks. She go t taken to court because

This Report Provides a Discussion on the Current Project Management

Question: Explain Analysis of the Current Problems Faced By the Company? Answer: Introduction Problems in project management techniques can occur if the project management techniques are not implemented properly for the organization This report provides a discussion on the current project management difficulties that the Clemet Corp Company is facing The report contains the background of the company, the analysis of the problems that are faced by the company, the comparison of the cultures of the company with the other organizations and some recommendations for the successful implementation of the project management techniques on the company. Background The clement corp company is an integrated provider of the operational and financial software [2]. The business is based on the small and mid-sized businesses in the sector of real estate and construction industry. In addition to this the company also provides a huge rage of support services. In the current situation the performance evaluation of the department of project management of the company is described. Matt Garner is the director of the department of project management of the company. In addition to this, Matt is an experienced project manager. He worked as a project management consultant. The evaluation of the company is to be done by him. In the evaluation it is seen some of the projects were successful and the rest were not. Analysis of the Current problems faced by the company The Clemet Company possessed a project management department that was in a state of despair [3]. There were various issues due to which the company was in this state of despair. Firstly, the due to the internal promotion system that prevailed in the company the technical staffs were promoted to the position of the project manager [4]. But they were very inefficient due to their limited experience in the field of project management. In addition to this there was a huge lack of credibility among the staffs. This was because the staffs did not have a proper training of the project management techniques. In addition to this the employees did not understand the utilities of the training that was being conducted by the company. The project managers were basically creating the documentations for the projects and worked on the maintenance part of the project. They did not understand the role of the project manager properly. They had the sense that they required to maintain the schedule of the project but they were not properly trained on how to implement these schedules properly and also did not know how to maintain these schedules. In addition to this they were also unable to make proper decisions for the project and also did not realize the impact of the decisions on the project. In addition to this for the resolution of the issues proper training of the project managers could have been conducted by Matt, but there was number of ongoing project from which the project managers were to be taken out and in addition to this there was a number of projects that were incoming hence it was very difficult to conduct the training sessions of the projects managers that was intended by Matt [5]. In addition to this the project managers seem to be busy all the time on the activities that are very minimal and could be handled by themselves. They are participating in the issues that more of an administrative type. Whereas, they should be concentrating on issues that are related to project management. In addition to this the communication was also a very big issue for the company. The project managers did not have the sufficient amount of communication that was required with the upper level of the authorities [6]. It resulted in a lack of commitment and support from the management. They also had no idea about the progress of the project. In addition to this the staffs were mostly engineers and they got bored of the sessions very easily and stopped attending them. They were unwilling to understand the essence of proper project management and were also unable to understand the concepts of project management. Clement Corp culture VS the culture of organizations There was a huge difference in between a successfully organizational culture and the organizational culture that was prevalent in the company. Firstly the project team of the company needs to be very efficient. The purpose of the project team is to be efficiently defined, but the staffs of the company are not sure about the purpose of the projects. Secondly, the right people with the right kind of technicalities are assigned in the position of the company but for the Clemet Corp Company the assignment of the staffs were not efficiently done due to the internal promotion system of the company. In addition to this employees of the companies should be aware of their roles and responsibilities but in the Clemet Corp organization the employees were not perfectly aware of their roles and responsibilities [7]. They lacked the efficiency that was required for the successful implementation of the project management techniques. Recommendation For the implementation of the efficient project management techniques the following recommendation are provided for the Clemet Corp Company and the CEO of the company. Development of Project management culture: The project management culture of the company is to be developed by providing clear and consistent project management technique and object for the company [8]. Communication: The communication in between the higher officials and the lower level staffs need to performed efficiently for increasing the efficiency of the company. Developing an efficient project purpose: The Company needs to develop an efficient project purpose for the project tem describing the objective and aims of the project and also defining the scope and budget of the project. Conclusion For conclusion it can be said that the Clemet Corp Company is in need of a proper project management implementations. The problems that the company is facing are described in this report and some recommendations are provided for improve their project management department. References [1]A. Piyasinchart and N. Jeerungsuwan, "Agile Project Management: Massive Open Online Networked Learning for Thai Education", International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 358-362, 2015. [2]S. Randolph, "Fundamentals of Project Management, Fourth Edition", Project Management Journal, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 81-81, 2012. [3]H. Gharaibeh, "A Conceptual Framework to Improve Project Team Learning in Major Projects", International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 61-76, 2015. [4]2017. [Online]. Available: https://Verzuh, E., 2015. The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. [Accessed: 30- Apr- 2017]. [5]T. Thipparate, "Fuzzy critical chain risk management for quantifying impact of variation in non-critical activity duration on project duration", International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, vol. 6, no. 12, p. 48, 2014. [6]F. Mir and A. Pinnington, "Exploring the value of project management: Linking Project Management Performance and Project Success", International Journal of Project Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 202-217, 2014. [7]J. Carroll, "Gower Handbook of Project Management20091Edited by J.R. Turner. Gower Handbook of Project Management. Aldershot, UK: Gower Publishing Company 2007. 4th ed.", International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 159-160, 2009. [8]J. Derner, J. Crowder, M. Smith and T. Plechaty, "Undergraduate Range Management Exam: 1999-2014", Rangelands, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 26-38, 2015.

The Empirical Project Turkey

Introduction The Republic of Turkey is a republican parliamentary democratic country with the population about 68,000,000 people. Possessing a great number of natural resources, manufacturing, agriculture and a range of services, having a good location and opportunities for maritime commerce, the economical potential of the country is successful. The modern borders of the country have been created in 1920, and it is located in the southern-western part of Asia and in the southern Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Empirical Project: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country is influenced both by the European and Asian forces in cultural, political, and economical life. The country performs the functions of the balancing act, remaining open to the Middle East, it actively searches for the membership in the European Union. The country is a republic, but the president is elected. The economical si tuation in the country has changed as the crisis of 2008-2010 has not passed behind. Still, good potential and the desire to be a developed country have made it possible to start the economic recovery program (Sheehan 2004, p. 135). Fast industrialization of the country also contributes to the economical and political development of the country and its high value at the international arena. The main purpose of this project is to consider the political and economical situation in the country as the background for more detailed description of the following issues, economy in the business sector and the economic problems the country faces. Moreover, the fiscal and monetary policy stances are going to be discussed within the topic. Many financial factors, both at the national and at the international arena, influence the country development. Economical data in the country’s financial relations provides some impact on the micro and macroeconomics of the country. Executive Summary The paper examines political and economical situation and its influence on the country’s development. To have a full vision of the situation in Turkey, a number of different aspects are to be considered. The general situation in the political and economical life of the country is the best way to see the situation in the country and to analyze the general development and the opportunities the country has. The information devoted to the import and export shows the country’s capacities and the necessities. The general situation at the national and international market may be considered along with the information about the modern state of the industries and agricultural sector. The information about the economy and its place in the business cycle may help understand the level of business development and state the issues which should be addressed. The economic problems in the country may be identified and analyzed on the basis of the specific financial data. Fiscal policy s tance of the government and monetary policy stance of the central bank along with the discussion of bank’s independence is considered to be the focus of the analysis on the basis of the latest data taken from the up-to-date sources. Some data has been put in the table with the purpose to understand its influence on the micro and macroeconomic situation in of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having been impacted by the international polices and national privatization and democratic facilities, the county has to cope with a number of different problems and at the same time meet the standards of the EU if Turkey wants to be its member. Background To understand the background for the country’s national and international development, it is important to check the political and economical situation in general, without referencing to the specific situations and financial activities. One of the main barriers on the way to successful development and functioning on the international arena has been the absence of democratic issues. When the whole world has entered the epoch of democratization and liberalization, Turkey remained under pressure of the Islam and the politics on the basis of this religion. The country had to suffer some hybrid regimes to achieve the democratic position is takes now. Ghanim (2009) is sure that â€Å"considering that legitimacy derives from people rather than from God is a huge step in the direction of political modernization and a serious commitment to democracy† (77). This is exactly what Turkey has made, it began to pay attention to human understanding of rights and now is a democratic country. The EU is considered to be the central force which made Turkey stand on the way of democratization and liberalization as the country development depends on it. The desire to become a member of the EU encourages Turkey to improve the economic situation and the relation to the human rights (ÇarkoÄŸlu and Rubin 2003, 192). The successful development of political situation and its neo-liberalism became possible only because Turkey has refused from the politics run in the Middle East and has created its own norms and principles. Some people call this politics ‘un-Islamic’ (Ghanim 2009, 76). Still, such politics has made possible for the country to become the candidate of EU which is considered to be the main step on the way to membership (ÇarkoÄŸlu and Rubin 2003, 208). The political changes have been supported with the economical recovery and improvement. The main principle of the economics in the country is competition â€Å"which possesses the institutional and political capacity needed to be able to provide the appropriate regulatory framework for an outward-oriented, market-based development (Onis 2009, 411)†. Having used the Washington Consensus as the bas is for the financial changes and having accepted the idea that political liberalization does not require from the state the change of legal and institutional acts, Turkey have faced the problem of inadequate functioning of the economical processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Empirical Project: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The absence of the regulatory framework along with monetary and fiscal discipline resulted in three crises the country suffered from during different years (Onis 2009, 411). The economy of the country is on the way to recovery. Many attempts have been provided to make the economy of Turkey stable and developing. Analyzing the after-crises situation, it may be concluded that GDP is high, inflation is reduced as well as the budget deficit, the banking sector is significantly improved, GNP debt is large, but the tendency to its reduction are seen. The economy still depends on s hort-term capital, therefore, the risks of a new crisis is reduced due to the regulation of the banking system and better macroeconomic environment. Even though the export has increased, the current account deficit is large. In spite of the time-lag, inflows of foreign investment and privatization have significantly increased. The productivity has strongly improved and may be considered as the source of growth (Onis 2009, 422). So, the conclusion may be drawn that the general situation at the political and economical arena is stable and developing in the direction of the international market and relationships. Imports and Exports Turkey is heavily relied on exports, for which the economy was influenced by the economic crisis in 2008 (Economy Watch 2011). After the economic boom experience4 in the period between 2002 and 2007, Turkey’s trade, exports, and imports â€Å" were hit badly in the year 2008, when the trade deficit stood at 31%† (Economy Watch 2011). The relat ion between the amount of import and export and economic growth is positively correlated, i.e. the expansion of the volume of trade leads to an increase in employment growth and labor productivity. The main exports of the country revolve around clothes, automobiles, agricultural products, and electronics. Additionally, exports include natural resources such as iron and steel, oil, precious stones, and other (Economy Watch 2011). The most apparent impact of the economic downturn of the financial crisis can be seen in 2010, where until 2009, the number of the exports continued to grow, reaching its peak of almost $140 billion. As of 2010, the export number started to recover, but they nevertheless are far behind (Index Mundi 2011). Currently, the total exports stand at $117, 4 billion (Index Mundi 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When it comes to imports, the main imported commodities for Turkey include â€Å"electrical equipment, mechanical appliances, optical instruments, iron and steel, and pharmaceutical products† (Economy Watch 2011). Comparing imports and exports during the whole period between 2003 and 2011, it can be stated that Turkey suffered through a trade deficit, which can be seen through graph 1. In that regard, the decision to explore alternative markets though countries in Africa, Central Asia, and the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) is a wise decision. The results of such expansion can be seen through increasing Foreign Direct Investments and strengthening trade relations with Africa. Currently, Turkey’s imports stand at $166, 3 billion (Index Mundi 2011). Imports, Exports, and Trade Deficit (Index Mundi 2011, 2011) Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages The competitiveness of Turkey can be attributed to several comparative advantages it enjoys, of which several are natural, and others are handmade. In that regard, the country’s geographical location can be seen among the advantages the country enjoys and which contributes to the country’s tourism industry. Turkey’s natural endowment can be seen through the year-round sunshine, extended holiday season, ecological diversity, and others, all of which contribute to Turkey being a popular tourism destination (Europe CEIC Database Team 2011). In general, the assessment of Turkey’s competitiveness internationally was revealed to be limited to labor intensive and easily imitable research-oriented products (Utkulu and Seymen 2004). Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) of Turkey were identified in Utkulu and Seymen (2004) in seven groups of products, which cover seven product groups, including â€Å"clothing and clothing accessories; vegetables and fruit; sugar, sugar preparations, honey; tobacco; oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; rubber manufactures; textile yarn, fabrics and related products† (Utkulu and Seymen 2004, 18). The disadvantages, on the other hand, can be seen in advanced technology products, compared to the EU. It can be stated that the comparative advantages of Turkey in such sectors as textile and apparel industry are related are both natural and handmade, based on geographical location and labor. The disadvantages, in that regard, are based on capital and technology (Ä °NCE and DEMÄ °R 2009). Economy in the business cycle Having considered the economy from the point of view of business, it is possible to state the main strengths of the Turkey’s business are the climate and strong government. The EU has created a customs union which continues functioning. The influence of integration with the global capital market to the Turkish economy has been considered from two different sides. On the one hand, the benefit is seen in the sphere of business investment. On the other hand, the risks and vulnerabilities are too high as t he business sector becomes dependant from the foreign savings (Gonenc, Sahinoz and Tuncel 2010, 6). It is obvious that the changes in the country’s economy have influenced the business sector. Turkey has opened international investment policy that has led to the reduction of the real long-term interest rates. The tendency can be easily followed. Figure 1.1. Real long-term interest rates in selected countries (OECS 2010) Date Turkey 2001 49.86 2002 24.96 2003 20.76 2004 14.04 2005 7.89 2006 8.21 2007 11.71 2008 8.38 2009 6.28 The lowered interest rate for a long term period has become a good stimulus for the business development in the country. The dynamic development of the business sector after the crisis is considered to be the great opportunity for economy development. Turkey should direct business development in two directions, macroeconomic credibility and microeconomic efficiency. The better functioning of the business center may be achieved via the continuing modernization and improvement of fiscal institutions, updating the standing of the international market standing in Turkey, reinforcing the competitiveness of the country products at the national and international arena. The country should pay attention to the following issues while improving the economy in the business sector, maintaining equal price, structure capital inflows, and reduce the energy import dependency. It is important to regulate the legal situation and legalize the necessary acts and policies necessary for the appropriate business functioning (Gonenc 2010). Problems with the Economy One of the problems the impacts the economy of Turkey can be attributed to current account (CA) deficit. Current account deficit can be defined as the case when then spending of a country exceeds its income, i.e. the savings are little, of compared with investments (Sekmen and Calisir 2011, 166). It should be mentioned that it is not necessarily a sign of worry, with a c urrent account deficit. Nevertheless, a sign of worry might emerge when the current account deficit is accompanied by a continuously increasing deficit of the trade (Sekmen and Calisir 2011, 167). It can be stated that such case is applicable to Turkey. The account deficit experienced by Turkey is stated to be harmful to the Turkish economy by many economists and observers. Many of those economists even claimed that the deficit signs a new crisis for Turkey, similar to prior currency crises. The asymmetric increase in imports and exports experienced in September 2010 can be seen as an important factor in that matter contributing to the way current account deficit impacts the Turkish economy. The increase of trade deficit, reaching $6.7 billion, is almost 67% (Sekmen and Calisir 2011). The problem of trade deficit can be seen in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and GDP growth. A study of the relationship between GDP growth and microeconomic variables of FDI, trade, and infla tion, applied to the case of Turkey, revealed a negative relation between the coverage of the import coverage of exports, and GDP growth. That is, the higher the imports cover exports, the lower the growth of GDP (Erà §akar 2011). Another important finding can be seen related to the influence of the FDI supply in the country, and whether it is sufficient to guarantee an economic growth for Turkey. Study of the causal relationship among microeconomic variables such as money supply, real exchange rate, FDI, and trade balance for the period 1989-2009 showed that there is no direct relationship between FDI and output (Sekmen and Inancli 2011, 164). Such finding indicates another important problem impacting the ec0onomy of Turkey, which is an inadequate level of spending (Sekmen and Inancli 2011). Among the most recent events which implications can be seen influencing the economy of Turkey is the cut of the one-week repo rates, which indicates the move of the government to curb the infl ow of FDI into the country. The implications include the short term weakness of the lira (Monetary Policy Shift: Key Implications 2011, 3). Other than that, it can be stated that performance of Turkey is on track for recovery from the financial crises, although any deterioration of the economic environment in the next period will make Turkish economy vulnerable (Monthly review: August 2010 2010, 12-13). Among the positive notes that should be mentioned is also the recovery of confidence indicators, which nevertheless, did not reach the neutral threshold of 100 (Monthly review: August 2010 2010, 15). Fiscal Policy Stance The fiscal policy in Turkey should be viewed in the context of the budget deficit, which is the one of the main themes of the economic policy in Turkey. The stance of the government toward such issue can be seen favorable, according to an analysis of the period between 2001 and 2008. Despite the history of volatile inflation and budget deficits in the history of Turk ish economy, a study of the government expenditures and revenues in Ucal, Meltem, and Asli (2010) showed the fiscal policy in Turkey was sustainable through period from 2001 to 2008, which indicates the government’s adherence to its budget constraints during g the implementation of the programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (Ucal and Alici 2010). The most recent demonstration of the government’s stance of the policy is the fiscal rule which oblige the government to move toward a fiscal deficit of 1% of GDP in three years, given that GDP growth of 5% is achieved. Such issue can be seen two-fold on the one hand, the sustainability of the fiscal policy shows the government’s commitment, while the postponement in acceptance of the fiscal law can be seen as an evidence that â€Å"the government is not eager to commit itself to fiscal tightening in 2011† (Monthly review: August 2010 2010, 12). Although the postponement of the accep tance of the rule, might be seen as a political move in general, in the long term it does not change the trend established by fiscal policies adopted by the country during the last decade. An example of the latter can be seen through the fact that the October 2010 deficit being measured 31.4% lower than the deficit recorded during the same period a year earlier (Fiscal Improvement To Continue 2011). Thus, it is forecasted that the deficit will continue narrowing into 2015, and is projected to reach 1.9% (Fiscal Improvement To Continue 2011, 3). Monetary Policy Stance The implementation of monetary policy implies the bank’s use of tools to attain desired level of inflation and GDP growth rates. One tool can be seen through interest rates, which are efficient policy instruments for banks to use in their monetary policy (Khakimov, Erdogan, and Uslu 2010, 319). Other considerations paid by banks when developing monetary policy can be seen through inflation and price stability. Th e use of interest rates as a tool in the monetary policy is supported in Turkey, where a review of 2010 and the most recent shifts indicate that the central bank uses rates, namely, one-week repo rate as the main instrument in the financial system. In 2010, the bank maintained the same rate throughout, which aim can be seen through the decision to maintain the rates as they are, and keep them low. The basis of such strategy can be seen through the way inflation trends remained consistent, and thus, the bank made its forecasts, considering that the rate will not change during 2010 (Monthly review: August 2010 2010). At the end of 2011, the bank made the decision to cut interest rates, from 7% to 6.5%, with the aim of curbing the foreign short-term capital inflow. The expansion of money supply lowers interest rates, and accordingly, lower interest rates do not attract foreign capital looking for higher interest rates. The increase of the money supply depreciates the lira, in the short term, but, at the same time might act through increasing net exports and a decrease in trade deficit (Baumol and Blinder 2006, 386). Such policy can be understandable when combined with fiscal policy, where policy recommendations amount to tightening fiscal policy loosening monetary policy (Baumol and Blinder 2006, 389). Such combination acts so that the decrease in budget deficit does not slow economic growth, and thus, the monetary stimulus, which decreases interest rates, compensates the fiscal policy (Baumol and Blinder 2006, 398). Conclusion The present paper provided an analysis of the economy of Turkey. The paper started with providing an overview and a background of the country’s economic and political environment. An analysis of the countries important and export showed that despite of steady growth, which was only interrupted by the 2008 financial crisis, Turkey maintains a trade deficit, which can be attributed to inadequate spending. Additionally, the paper provi ded an indication of the comparative advantages of the country, which can outline the importance foreign capital and the reliance on exports as a source of money inflow. In that regard, the paper showed that the main problems influencing economy in Turkey are related to trade deficit, current account deficit, and budget deficit. The identified factors were found to be negatively correlated with GDP growth, which cannot be compensated by the flow of FDI into the country, given the current spending. The analysis of the monetary and the fiscal policy in Turkey revealed that the country chosen the right policy to pursue, which a contracting fiscal policy and a loosening monetary policy. Those policies will ensure that decreasing the deficit will not come at the expense of economic growth in the country. Thus, it can be concluded that the economy currently resides at the state of revival after the financial crises, already showing signs of steady growth that should be supported by the ad opted monetary and fiscal policies. The recommendations might include focusing on account deficit, and compensate for the coverage of the imports by importing intermediate goods, that should be used to increase production. Reference List Baumol, William J. and Alan S. Blinder. 2006. Macroeconomics : principles and policy. 10th ed. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South Western. ÇarkoÄŸlu, Ali̇, and Barry M. Rubin. 2003. Turkey and the European Union: domestic politics, economic integration, and international dynamics. New York: Taylor Francis. Economy Watch. 2011. Turkey Trade, Exports and Imports. Stanley St Labs 2011 [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/turkey/export-import.html. Erà §akar, Mehmet Emin. 2011. Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Inflation: An Empirical Application on Turkey. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics (9), http://www.eurojournals.com/IRJFE_62_14.pdf. Europe CEIC Database Team. 2011. Could Turkey Become To urism â€Å"Hot-spot† in 2011? Internet Securities, Inc 2011 [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://blog.securities.com/2011/01/turkey-tourism-2011/. Fiscal Improvement To Continue. 2011. Emerging Europe Monitor: South East Europe Monitor 18 (1): 3-3. Ghanim, David. 2009. â€Å"Turkish Democracy and Political Islam.† Middle East Policy 16 (1): 75-84. Gonenc, Rauf, Sahinoz, Saygin and Ozge Tuncel. 2010. Turkey’s improving integration with the global capital market: Impacts on risk premia and capital costs. Economic Department Working Paper 812, [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=eco/wkp(2010)68doclanguage=en. Gonenc, Rauf. 2010. â€Å"Turkey: Exiting the crisis on a stronger path.† OECD, September 21, [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/5/46067652.pdf. Ä °NCE, Meltem, and M. Hulusi DEMÄ °R. 2009. Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness: Case of Turkey and Germany. Review of Social, Economic Business Studies (6), [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://fbe.emu.edu.tr/journal/doc/56/56Article07.pdf. Index Mundi. 2011. Turkey Exports. Index Mundi 2011 [cited 12 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/exports.html. 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International Research Journal of Finance and Economics (62), http://www.eurojournals.com/IRJFE_62_14.pdf. Sekmen, Fuat, and Selim Inancli. 2011. Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Balance and Domestic Performance in Turkey: A Causality Analysis. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics (10), http://www.eurojournals.com/MEFE_10_13.pdf. Sheehan, Sean. 2004. Turkey. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. Ucal, Meltem, and Asli Alici. 2010. Is Fiscal Policy Sustainable in Turkey? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 46:89-93. Utkulu, Utku, and Dilek Seymen. 2004. Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness: Evidence for Turkey vis-à  -vis the EU/15. In European Trade Study Group 6th Annual Conf erence. Nottingham: ETSG. Title Date Analysis Source Turkey’s benchmark rate cutspurs selloff in financial stocks 22.01.2011 The lowering of lira’s value leads to the increase of the dolar in the country and reduction of the ecnomic activities. At the same time, the central bank has an opportunity to raise reserve requirements with the purpose to slow credic growth. Some call this event a buying opportunity, but it is too early to judge. The trade appears at risk. â€Å"Turkey’s benchmark rate cutspurs selloff in financial stocks.† 2011. Gulf News, January 22. Turkey: An Exception In The Middle East 11.02.2011 The information presented in this article helps us understand that the situation in Turkey is rather positive in the comparison with other countries in the Middle East. Turkey way to the internation market has been smooth and progressive, while others countries have to do everything fast and without specific system. Furthermore, the successfu l geographical position may be really useful for the country development and leadership among the countries in the Middle East Jin, Zhong. 2011. â€Å"Turkey: An Exception In The Middle East.† San Francisco Chronicle, February 11. January CAD surges 91.4 pct to reach $5.86 bln 12.03.2011 Turkey has faced the problem that its current account deficit has increased on 91.4% in March. The main outcome this problem may lead to is the reduction of the foreign trade and the trade deficit in general. Tourism business suffers mostly as it is considered to be one of the main international opportunities the country can offer. The increase of the tourism revenue is going to be put on the customers’ shoulders who may refuse to visit Turkey for high prices which are considered to be unfairly increased. â€Å"January CAD surges 91.4 pct to reach $5.86 bln.† 2011. Today’s Zaman, March 12. Turkey bonds rally as oil prices slump 17.03.2011 The oil prices slumped 4.5% o n March 16 and it led to the unstable situation of Turkey at the international market. The reduction of oil price may lead to the chaos at the global arena that is sire to slower the economic growth in the country. Turkey’s lira is predicted to increase if the change of the prices of il are going to jump for raising to lowering. â€Å"Turkey bonds rally as oil prices slump.† 2011. The Gulf Today, March 17. Turkish exporters to get $300 mln in World Bank loan 19.03.2011 If Turkey manages to get the loan of $300 million, it will be able to complete the Turkey’s export program directed at helping the exporters to expand capacity and improve competitiveness at the international market. The capacity of banks is also going to continue developing. The leasing companies will be able to offer loans for the companies which deal with exporting products. The World bank is going to provide loan for a long term period, so the country will have an opportunity to settle busin ess and then pay its debt. â€Å"Turkish exporters to get $300 mln in World Bank loan.† 2011. Today’s Zaman, March 19. Turkish CB keeps interest rates steady in Sept 19.01.2011 The article discusses the decision of the central bank in Turkey to keep the interest rates on hold. Considering the date the article was issued, the article shows the commitment of the bank that was established during the 2010 to keep the rates at the same pace, and decrease them in 2011. Eventually, the bank decreased the rates. Hurriet. 2011. Turkish CB keeps interest rates steady in Sept. Hurriet -Daily News.com 2011 [cited 19 Jan. 2011]. Available from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/finance/9930048.asp?scr=1. OECD releases glowing figures for Turkey’s growth, inflation levels. 30.01.2011 A statement by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in which it predicts continual growth for Turkey, over the next five years. The prediction also covers a higher gr owth rate than the other European country. Considering the implemented policies, those predictions hold true, while an analysis of the inflation rate for the period between January and April show a downward trend. Hurriet. 2011. OECD releases glowing figures for Turkey’s growth, inflation levels. Hurriet -Daily News.com 2011 [cited 30 Jan. 2011]. Available from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/5550669.asp?gid=74. Turkey’s inflation rate set to rise to double-digit figures 05.02.2011 An article in which the Turkish Statistical Institute argue that the inflation rate in Turkey will as high as 10.4 % in a year, after a 9.7 April. As of March the inflation rate remained at 4%. Hurriet. 2011. Turkey’s inflation rate set to rise to double-digit figures. Hurriet -Daily News.com 2011 [cited 7 Feb. 2011]. Available from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/turkey/9087247.asp?gid=231sz=5650. Turkey Leaves Rates on Hold 15.02.2011 The article follows with the bank†™s decision to hold the rates on hold, after the predicted cuts that were successful for two months. The nmain aim is discouraging money flow, which appear to be consistent with the lira deppreciation. Oz, Erkan. 2011. Turkey Leaves Rates on Hold. Market Watch 2011 [cited 16 Feb. 2011]. Available from http://www.marketwatch.com/story/turkey-leaves-rates-on-hold-2011-02-15. Turkey’s foreign direct investments fall 45.5 pct in Jan-Jun term 03.03.2011 A report on a record breaking inflation rate in Turkey, which puts the need for Bank to increase interest rates. Hurriet. 2011. Turkey’s foreign direct investments fall 45.5 pct in Jan-Jun term. Hurriet -Daily News.com 2011 [cited 3 Mar. 2011]. Available from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/finance/9416031.asp?scr=1. Record low inflation takes heat off Turkey’s c.bank 04.04.2011 A report of the fall of the numbers of direct investments, which supports the intention of the bank to cut the inflow of foreign inv estments through decreasing interest rates. Reuters News. 2011. Record low inflation takes heat off Turkey’s c.bank-UPDATE 3. Thomson Reuters 2011 [cited 4 Apr. 2011]. Available from http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Record-low-inflation-takes-heat-off-Turkeys-cbank-2011-04-04T122820Z-UPDATE-3. This essay on The Empirical Project: Turkey was written and submitted by user Autumn Witt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.